In Europe, individual Member States are responsible for energy. Different countries take different approach. Complete ban on mining exists, for example, in Bulgaria, France and certain regions in Germany. On the contrary, Poland and Ukraine aim to develop shale gas mining in order to reduce their dependency on gas import from Russia. At EU level, there is currently no unified legislation covering exploration and exploitation of unconventional gas resources. Mining in EU, however, falls under the general European agreements and directives, including Treaty on the EU Water Framework Directive, Directive on the assessment of environmental impact, the Directive on waste from mining and regulatory framework for management of chemical substances REACH.

Hydraulic fracturing raises concerns regarding possible contamination of groundwater resources, adverse effects on air quality, potential leaks of gas and other substances, treatment of waste material and various direct and indirect health hazards. Water used in hydraulic fracturing contains roughly 0.5 % of chemical additives including agents for reducing friction, preventing corrosion, eliminating microorganisms, gels and lubricants used for cooling the drill head etc. Serious debate concerning potential risks of commercial shale gas mining is taking place today throughout Europe.

In 2013, electric power generated in the Czech Republic in power plants using various primary energy resources reached 87.06 TWh (gross production). The gross domestic consumption was 70.18 TWh. The diagrams presented and the annual balance clearly show that the biggest electric power producers in the Czech Republic continue to be coal-burning power plants. The usage of electricity produced from renewable resources for regulation of the production is limited by the fact that these resources (FVT, VTE, biogas power plants and small water power plants) have an unlimited priority access to the distribution network and are not regulated in any way.

Shales are sedimentary rocks. They are typically found in horizontal formations. Shale gas extraction therefore requires that miners “bend“ the drill head when approaching the layer with shale deposits and drill horizontally. It is also necessary to create large number of small cracks in the rock which allow the gas to escape. This is achieved by pumping large amounts of water with sand and other additives under pressure into the well. This process is called hydraulic fracturing or fracking.

Total recoverable shale gas reserves in China are currently estimated at 31.5 trillion cubic meters, which amounts to second largest (after USA) shale gas reserves in the world. Other Asian shale gas resources are located in India and Pakistan, Indonesia, Australia and Russia. Deposits of shale gas with potential for mining are also found in North and South Africa, Middle East and throughout Europe.

First shale gas mining activities started in Appalachian mountains in United States of America in 1821. Since the start of 21^st century shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States. The focus on unconventional gas resources gradually spreads also to other parts of the world. Shale gas reserves worldwide are estimated at 331 trillion cubic meters. The largest producer of shale gas today is USA, but plans to develop shale gas mining are considered also in other parts of the world – from Europe to South Africa, from China to Argentina.

This article is the second continuation of a series of articles on the topic of mapping thermodynamic phenomena in backfilled pipe and its surroundings. An integral part of the investigation of phenomena affecting the operation of district heating networks in particular, is the correct determination of hydraulic parameters. These are mapped to the correct operation of the piping system and the resulting economic operation. Readers now present text is the current status of researches in this field and should be information about current approaches to solving the hydraulic conditions in the heating industry.

Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Main source of organic matter for genesis of oil and natural gas was plankton. Gradual and lengthy process of oil formation took place in past geological periods and lasted millions of years. Movement of emerged oil and natural gas from source rock to other geologic formations is called migration. We distinguish between primary and secondary migration. The deposits of hydrocarbons are usually divided to conventional and unconventional.

PID = Potential Induced Degradation refers to the physical phenomenon that causes seemingly inexplicable reduction in output from photovoltaic panels. Basically, the interlayer polarization leading to irreversible degradation of silicon photovoltaic panels. PID typically begins to appear after 2-4 years of operation, and may cause performance degradation of the solar panel according to the type and location of the panel in the string up to 70 percent. In case of an early solution, PID is reversible. PV module can be depolarize and return them almost original performance.

Text is focused on the energy effectiveness of the heat pump installations operated in the system for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. Conventional heat pumps are operated in hot water system with low coefficient of performance (COP). Heat demand structure in multifamily buildings with high heat use for hot water influences the energy effectiveness of heat pump operation. Moreover, combination with space heating results in high installed heat capacity of the units which is not used during the year.

Extended concept of the term electricity storage can greatly increase the possibility of storing electricity from renewable sources at a time when their production exceeds demand. The electricity could be stored not only using conventional technologies which returns electricity (P2P – power-to-power), but in form of heat or gas too (P2H – power-to-heat and P2G – power-to-gas). While conventional technologies P2P and P2H too allow to store energy for several hours or at most days, P2G technology in conjunction with underground natural gas storage has sufficient capacity for seasonal accumulation.

The aim of the Government Decree no. 91/2010 Coll., on conditions of fire safety during the operation of chimneys, flues and fuel appliances, is fire safety. However, the decree requires yearly fire checks even in the chimneys and flues from gas boilers, water heaters and heaters, i.e. where there a risk of fire is excluded.

The result is a growing number of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning – estimated up to 300 a year – and several times higher number of people with lasting health consequences. In the UK, where there it is not required to prevent a non-existent risk of fire in the chimneys and flues, but prevention against the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning, the number of fatal poisoning is about 100 times less (14 in the country with 60 million inhabitants).

Will be someone able to force civil servants to admit error and inform the public about effective prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Foam polystyrol has been part of our lives for more than 70 years. The specific characteristic of the foam PS is light weight - 10-40 kg / m³, compared to 800-1050 kg / m³ for compact PS plastics. Current European consumption of expanded polystyrol is less than 2 million tons. It is necessary to add 400 thousand tons of XPS and approx. 100 thousand tons of foam PS foils used as packages and trays for food. Due to its low density it is a huge pile of waste.

Calculation model Degreedays (D°) have been integrated to the portal tzb-info.cz 10 years ago. This model enables determinate the count of Degreedays. For the calculation is possible to set up following data: internal temperature, external temperature and the date, when the heating season started and ended. The total number of observation stations in Czech republic gone up this year to 37 locations. For the calculation is possible to use the data from 2005 to present.

This article tries to summarize the available information about photovoltaic power plants operated in the Czech Republic. Apart from describing the current situation, it is therefore concerned with comparisons between photovoltaics and other kinds of RES; the photovoltaic production according to region; the distribution of power production according to size of the installations; legal personality of the operators and international comparisons.

Concept Data Support Department of the Ministry of Industry and Trade has prepared this statistical report as a comprehensive national statistics on renewable energy sources. The report focuses on the share of RES in the energy balance of the Czech Republic and describes in detail the development of the each RES categories, which are: biomass, biogas, liquid biofuels, solar, wind and water energy, heat pumps and renewable part of industrial and municipal waste. There is a description of methodology regarding data collection and consequent analysis at the beginning of each section (chapter) of the report. Data included in the report are fully comparable (compatible) with data which are reported on regular basis to International Energy Agency and Eurostat.

Concept Data Support Department of the Ministry of Industry and Trade has prepared this statistical report as a comprehensive national statistics on renewable energy sources. The report focuses on the share of RES in the energy balance of the Czech Republic and describes in detail the development of the each RES categories, which are: biomass, biogas, liquid biofuels, solar, wind and water energy, heat pumps and renewable part of industrial and municipal waste. There is a description of methodology regarding data collection and consequent analysis at the beginning of each section (chapter) of the report. Data included in the report are fully comparable (compatible) with data which are reported on regular basis to International Energy Agency and Eurostat.

Concept Data Support Department of the Ministry of Industry and Trade has prepared this statistical report as a comprehensive national statistics on renewable energy sources. The report focuses on the share of RES in the energy balance of the Czech Republic and describes in detail the development of the each RES categories, which are: biomass, biogas, liquid biofuels, solar, wind and water energy, heat pumps and renewable part of industrial and municipal waste. There is a description of methodology regarding data collection and consequent analysis at the beginning of each section (chapter) of the report. Data included in the report are fully comparable (compatible) with data which are reported on regular basis to International Energy Agency and Eurostat.

The goal of this paper was to inform about the development of the building integrated photovoltaic thermal (PV-T) system and evaluate its performance in compared to PV installation built of same photovoltaic cells. The study was collaboration among the Technical University of Denmark (DTU and Danish company RAcell (end-reference to website). This project was applied and optimized with the coupled house system on FOLD house, built in purpose of international student competition Solar Decathlon Europe 2012 held in Madrid in September 2012. The proposed PVT system was awarded with first price in Solar system integration sub-contest, during the competition SDE 2012.“Highly effective and innovative integration of PV and thermal systems that is not only a machine added to a house, but added value without creating too much attention to that machinery,” said one of the jury members about the PVT system, announcing the winner.
The PV-T is a hybrid system where the significant growth of efficiency of electricity generation is caused by cooling the cells to optimal temperature by system of embedded pipes on the backside of photovoltaic panels. The thermal part removes the heat, cools down the cells and increases its el. production up to 14,8 % according to PV system using the same cells in the same weather conditions. New solution was carried out for piping connection between panels. The house integrated PV-T system was compared with separate Photovoltaic and Thermal systems from energy and economy point of view. For annual usage of the FOLD house in Spain and Denmark was the PV-T system found as a more beneficial in compare to two separate systems.

Author of the article reflects on the contribution of the amended Decree no. 237/2014 Sb., issued by the Ministry of Industry and Trade on 7 November 2014, for increasing the energy efficiency of heating systems in buildings with central heating.